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The Atomic Nucleus by M. Korsunsky

The Atomic Nucleus
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Author: M. Korsunsky

Added by: mirtitles

Added Date: 2018-09-21

Language: English

Subjects: physics, radioactivity, atoms, nucleus, nuclear, quantum mechanics

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Pages Count: 600

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THE ATOMIC NUCLEUS
M. Korsunsky

About the book:

The study of atomic structure is among the most important topics in modern physics, and in this age of nuclear fission and fusion the atomic nucleus has top priority as an object of intensive investigation and experimental research. This modern survey, originally published in 1958, presents all the available important facts about the nuclei of atoms in an unusually readable text.

After a clear summary of early theory and experiment in radioactivity, the author devotes chapters to the nuclear model of the atom (Rutherford’s equation, Mendeleyev’s periodic table and nuclear charge, X-ray measurements, Bohr's theory of excitation, etc.), mass of nuclei (measuring techniques, work of Thomson and Aston, isotopes, nuclear binding energy, methods for separating isotopes, etc.), disintegration of nuclei (Rutherford’s disintegration of nitrogen, Blackett’s work, the neutron, Curie-Joliot experiments, nuclear transformations, etc.), the positron (cosmic rays, Bothe’s experiments, work of Skobeltsyn, birth and death of positrons and electrons, etc.), artificial transformation of nuclei (Cockcroft and Walton, Van de Graaff generators, acceleration of ions, cyclotrons, betatrons, synchrotons, cosmotrons, etc.), artificial radioactivity (Curie, Joliot, Fermi, low-energy neutrons, isomerism, new elements, etc.), mesons (Bethe, radiative loss, showers, Yukawa, types of meson, etc.), the neutrino (Pauli’s theory, K capture, Allen’s experiments, etc.), structure of nuclei, forces acting between nuclear particles, fission, transuranium elements, nuclear chain reactions, reactors, atomic energy and thermonuclear reactions.

This is an extremely accurate, up-to-date, very thorough coverage of these important topics on a verbal level, completely free of nationalistic bias. It does not limit itself to the familiar material in most books on the atom, but presents much material that is not generally known except to specialists in the field. Yet because of its clear non-mathematical treatment, it can be read with full understanding as an introduction or survey for the beginning student and layman; it is also a first-rate summary for the specialist, indicating chains of development that might not have been clear to him, and formulating many difficult concepts in clear language.

The book was translated from the Russian by G. Yankovsky and was first published by Foreign Languages Publishing House Moscow in 1958.

PDF | OCR | 300 dpi | Bookmarked | Cover

Table of Contents


Chapter 1 Radioactivity................................................................. 7

Becquerel’s Discovery................................................................. 7 
The Properties of Radioactive Radiation .................................11 
The Energy Radiated by Radium...............................................12 
Alpha, Beta and Gamma Rays ...................................................15 
The Properties of Alpha, Beta and Gamma Rays .................17 
What Is an Alpha Particle?..........................................................20 Radium Emanation (Radon)..........................................................24
The Hypothesis of Radioactive Decay........................................29 
The Spinthariscope.........................................................................32 
The Geiger Counter........................................................................33 
The Cloud Chamber........................................................................ 37 The Photographic Method of Registering Alpha Particles . 40 
The Charge of an Alpha Particle ' ............................................... 41
The Decay Time of Radium and Uranium.................................42 
Once More About the Energy Contained in Atoms of Radium 49 Radioactive Series........................................................................49 Isotopes . . ................................................................................... 51 
Brief Summary...............................................................................57


Chapter II. The Nuclear Model of the A to m .................................60

Scattering of Alpha Particles......................................................60 
The Experiments of Geiger and Marsden.................................61 
The Static Model of the Atom ...................................................62 
The Nuclear Model of the Atom .......................................... . . 64 
The Relation Between the Place of an Element in Mende­leyev’s. Periodic System and the Charge of Its Nucleus 69 
Measuring the Charge of the Nucleus with X-Rays 73

Chapter III. The Mass of Atomic Nuclei................................... 84 

Measuring the Mass of an Atom ............................................... 84
Separating the Isotopes ofNeon...................................................86 3
 Isotopes of Stable Elements..........................................................92 Prout’s Hypothesis........................................................................94 
The Binding Energy of Nuclei ...................................................97 Methods of Separating Isotopes.................................................103 Separating the Isotopes of Hydrogen.......................................105

Chapter IV. The Disintegration of Atomic Nuclei........................109

Anomalous Scattering of Alpha Particles ............................... 110 
The Disintegration of Nitrogen Nuclei ................................... 111
The Disintegration of Other Elements ...................................114 Blackett’s Experiments............................................................... 116 Nitrogen Converted into Oxygen ..............................................118 
Why Don't All Elements Disintegrate Under the Action of
Alpha Particles? .......................................................................123 
The Discovery of the Neutron.....................................................125 
Ways of Observing Neutrons.....................................................132 Nuclear Transformations That Produce Neutrons.....................134 Nuclear Transformations Produced by Neutrons.....................136

Chapter V. The Discovery of the Positron ...................................140

What Is a Positron?........................................ 140 
Cosmic Rays ............................................................. 141 
Skobeltsyn’s Experiments............................................................149 
How Lhe Positron Was Discovered............................................. 153 
The “Birth and Death” of Electrons..........................................156

Chapter VI. The Artificial Transformation of Atomic Nuclei 161

The First Apparatus for the Artificial Disintegration ol' Atomic Nuclei..........................................................................162 
The Disintegration of Lithium .................................................167 
An Experimental Verification of Einstein’s Equation 170 
The Van de Graaff Generator.....................................................172 Acceleration by an Alternating Electric Field........................178 
The Cyclotron ..............................................................................182 
The Betatron.................................................................................186 
Now Types of Charged-Particle Accelerators ..........................199


Chapter VII. Artificial Radioactivity................................................205 

The Discovery of Artificial Radioactivity...............................205
Artificial Radioactivity Induced by Neutrons.......................... 211 Thermal Neutrons..........................................................................215
Neutron Capture That Does Not Load to Radioactivity 218
 Isomerism of Atomic Nuclei........................................................221 New Chemical Elements...............................................................223

Chapter VIII. Mesons.......................................................................225

Ionization and Radiative Losses .............................................226 Showers ........................................................................................ 232 
The Discovery of the Meson........................................................235 
The Lifetime of a Meson............................................................238 
The Mass of Mesons.......................................................................241 Nuclear Transformations Produced by Pi-Mesons and The
Transformation of Pi- and Mu-Mesons ...............................247 
Heavy Mesons ..............................................................................250 Hyperons.........................................................................................251 Again About Cosmic Rays ........................................................254

Chapter IX. The Neutrino...............................................................261

Beta-Ray Spectra..........................................................................261 
The Pauli Hypothesis...................................................................266 
K-Capture ..................................................................................... 269 Allen’s Experiments ...................................................................275

Chapter X. The Structure of Atomic Nuclei and the Forces Acting Between Nuclear Particles ...........................277

Are There Electrons in Atomic Nuclei?...................................277 
What Are Atomic Nuclei Made o f ? ..........................................280 
The Radioactivity of the Neutron.............................................284 Nuclear Forces..............................................................................287 
A Model of the Nucleus...............................................................291 Nuclear Transformations Accompanied by the Ejection of Several Particles.......................................................................296

Chapter XI. Nuclear Fission ........................................................ 300

Neutron Capture by Uranium....................................................300 
An Investigation of the Nature of the Transuranium Elements 302 
The Discovery of Rare-Earth Elements Among the Decay
Products of Uranium...............................................................304 
The Fission of Uranium................................................................306 Chemical Elements with Atomic: Numbers Above 92 308 
Nuclear Fragments and Their Energy......................................315 Secondary Neutrons.......................................................................320 Thermal Neutrons and the Fission of Uranium .................... 324
 The Spontaneous Fission of Uranium-235 Nuclei....................326

Chapter XII. Nuclear Chain Reactions..........................................329

The Chain Reaction.......................................................................329 The Nuclear Reactor...................................................................336 The First Soviet Uranium Reactor ..........................................339 The Atomic Bomb .......................................................................341

Chapter XIII . The Peaceful Uses of Atomic Energy .................347

Atomic Power Stations................................................................347 Atomic Power Plants...................................................................353 Tracer Atoms and Their Use in the National Economy . . 355

Chapter XIV. Thermonuclear Reactions 369

The Binding Energy per Nuclear Particle 369 
The Energy Liberated in Nuclear Fusion 371 
Thermonuclear Reactions 373 
The Hydrogen Bomb ................................................................... 378 Controlled Thermonuclear Reactions..........................................380

Appendix .................................................................................. 383

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