About this Book

Extreme sports, those activities that lie on the outermost edges of independent

adventurous leisure activities, where a mismanaged mistake or accident would most

likely result in death, have developed into a significant worldwide phenomenon

(Brymer & Schweitzer, 2017a). Extreme sport activities are continually evolving, typical

examples include BASE (an acronym for Buildings, Antennae, Span, Earth) jumping and

related activities such as proximity flying, extreme skiing, big wave surfing, waterfall

kayaking, rope free solo climbing and high-level mountaineering. While participant

numbers in many traditional team and individual sports such as golf, basketball and

racket sports have declined over the last decade or so, participant numbers in so

called extreme sports have surged. Although extreme sports are still assumed to be

a Western pastime, there has been considerable Global uptake. Equally, the idea that

adventure sports are only for the young is also changing as participation rates across

the generations are growing. For example, baby boomers are enthusiastic participants

of adventure sports more generally (Brymer & Schweitzer, 2017b; Patterson, 2002)

and Generation Z turn to extreme sports because they are popular and linked to

escapism (Giannoulakis & Pursglove, 2017). Arguably, extreme sports now support

a multi-billion dollar industry and the momentum seems to be intensifying.

Traditional explanations for why extreme sports have become so popular are varied.

For some, the popularity is explained as the desire to rebel against a society that is

becoming too risk averse, for others it is about the spectacle and the merchandise

that is associated with organised activities and athletes. For others it is just that

there are a lot of people attracted by risk and danger or just want to show off.

For others still it is about the desire to belong to sub-cultures and the glamour

that goes with extreme sports. Some seek mastery in their chosen activity and in

situations of significant challenges. This confusion is unfortunate as despite their

popularity there is still a negative perception about extreme sports participation.

There is a pressing need for clarity. The dominant research perspective has focused

on positivist theory-driven perspectives that attempt to match extreme sports against

predetermined characteristics. For the most part empirical research has conformed

to predetermined societal perspectives. Other ways of knowing might reveal more

nuanced perspectives of the human dimension of extreme sport participation.

This special edition brings together cutting-edge research and thought examining

psychology and extreme sports, with particular attention payed to the examination

of motivations for initial participation, continued participation, effective performance,

and outcomes from participation.

References

Brymer, E. & Schweitzer, R. (2017a) Phenomenology and the extreme sports experience, NY, Routledge.

Brymer, E, & Schweitzer, R, D. (2017b) Evoking the Ineffable: The phenomenology of extreme sports,

Psychology of Consciousness: Theory, Research, and Practice 4(1):63-74

Giannoulakis, C., & Pursglove, L., K., (2017) Evolution of the Action Sport Setting. In S.E. Klein Ed. Defining

Sport: Conceptions and Borderlines. Lexington Books, London. 128-146

Patterson, I. (2002) Baby Boomers and Adventure Tourism: The Importance of Marketing the Leisure

Experience, World Leisure Journal, 44:2, 4-10, DOI: 10.1080/04419057.2002.9674265